Purchasing Explication Essay Samples

Purchasing Explication Essay Samples Besides mention the notion that the author attempts to put across. He starts with a very detailed story of an event or description of a person or place. He explains why such a tendency is a problem for the current society. Since you may see, it isn't essential for the author to be a professional in the field you consider, but it's always excellent to demonstrate he or she indeed has a say. Try to earn a thesis statement on the given problem to determine if it's possible to provide a sound argument. Write a great thesis statement and make certain it is centered on the primary idea of the entire paper. The introduction should include three or more thingsa hook, your thesis statement, and a sentence or two describing how you plan to demonstrate your thesis statement. When you've done that, proceed to create your thesis statement. You can also see travel essay. You might also see concept essay. You could also see interview essay. Stephen 's essay is rather effective. An analysis essay is a type of persuasive essay. In conclusion, an analytical essay is an essay meant to elaborate more than that which the readers or viewers of a specific piece might actually see. To start with, it's important to define the textual analysis essays to know how to do the writing. Well, a rhetorical analysis essay is quite much like that with just a little exception, obviously. After you are finished with the piece your professor has assigned to you, you're expected to compose an informative analysis of a circumstance or critically analyze a metaphor and its effect on the plot. If a student finds it tricky to find out the author's unique style, main theme, and some literary terms utilised in the particular bit of literature, there's an easy way out. The Key to Successful Explication Essay Samples Gain the very best understanding of the topic prior to starting your writing, and do your very best to sound as interesting as possible to catch the interest of any a udience, not only your instructors. You are going to see your work more meaningful if you attempt to deal with it as writing done for publishing. The very first thing you ought to do is, naturally, decide on a text you're considering analyzing. The next portion of the writing procedure is simultaneously the simplest and the hardest one. The Unusual Secret of Explication Essay Samples Close reading is quite important because it's the foundation for larger analysis. There's no overall pattern of the way to compose a literary analysis, as it greatly depends upon the part of work you will need to go over. Therefore, if you understand now what's a textual analysis essay, you are ready to take on the job of the text inspector. If so, ensure you select the most convincing, vivid quotes to support every one of the analyzed methods. In order to comprehend how to do the writing, you want to grasp the textual analysis definition first. 1 approach to work out when you're summarizing instead of analyzing is to study your support. Bridget's essay is extremely strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. After you have decided about this issue and the thesis which you will write about, you've got to formulate a captivating title. To start with, you're supposed to create perfect argumentative structure of your paper. The introduction part should establish the topic of your essay, and explain the reason it's important to investigate it. Fiction is a sort of literature that put together the distinct imaginary events that aren't factual. If you are in need of a duplicate of the poem to read, you can discover the complete poem Diving Into the Wreck'' here. It is insufficient to choose the particular poem.

Career Choices For A Career - 1539 Words

Introduction: Within the growing job market, there are plenty of career choices one can take on to create a financially stable lifestyle and live a successful life. When looking at job careers, it is often a hard choice to choose which pathway might be the best to lead one towards success. In addition to choosing a pathway it is pertinent to learn the background as well as stepping stones to leave a person with more of an understanding of that profession, especially if the focus of career is dealing with Human Resources. One field that one might look into as a profession would be Human Resource within recreation. With HR being a growing field in recreation, it is important to become equipped in the building blocks to be successful in†¦show more content†¦Human resource and management has changed in name various times throughout history. The name change was mainly due to the change in economic, social, and recreational activities throughout history. According to a recentl y researched article on the early history of recreation and leisure, Recreation has dated back to as far as A.D. 80. There have been many documents and artifacts found that lead researchers back to proof of early leisure and recreation activities. With these facts being presented and looking at the HR aspect of early on activities, one can’t help but presume that there was some type of management of said activities.(Jones and Butler) (whatishumanresource.com) Within the HR profession one common duty held is management. One of the first documented HR professions in general was the Industrial welfare. This was the first form of human resource management. With that being said, from the industrial period to now there has been many branches of management as well as HR careers leading us to what out topic today is HR. recreation. One of the jobs mentioned before in this article was the HR in Parks and Recreation. There are many ways to become attributed with information on jobs wi thin the parks and recreation field regarding an HR profession. One of the most common jobs held in HR recreation is within the parks and rec field. There are many jobs that can take place within the field. With humanShow MoreRelatedCareer As A Career Choice942 Words   |  4 PagesWork is a profession concerned with helping individuals, families, groups and communities to enhance their individual and collective well-being. I chose to seek a degree in this field because I find this to be a very rewarding career choice. To obtain a degree in a career that essentially makes a difference in people’s lives is extremely important to me. I have worked as a medical assistant for over 10 years, and although I love my job I would like to work closer with the people that I serve. I realizeRead MoreCareer Goals : Career Choice3343 Words   |  14 PagesSince young, many people have known what career path they would like to follow. Some knew they wanted to be a lawyer, a firefighter, a doctor and began their journey towards making their career dream true by taking the necessary courses, passing their examinations, and did what was required to enter the field of their choosing. Some are unsure of the career path they would like to follow and opinions of others on what they should do can lead to a road of uncertainty and confusion. Lastly, for variousRead MoreThe Choice Of A Career Essay2106 Words   |  9 Pageshardly ever be recognized separately. â€Å"The choice of a career is a highly significant process that plays a major role in shaping people s aspirations, concerns, and action† (Malach-Pines Yafe-Yanai, 1999, p. 503). This understanding makes choosing a major a deeply personal and profound question for each individual. â€Å"It is one of the most significant choices made by people growing up in Western cultures with many attempting to find through their careers a sense of existential significance for theirRead MorePsychology and Career Choice765 W ords   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Period 2 December 4, 2013 Pre-Calc Lam Career Choice: Psychology My future career choice is in psychology. I want to The definition of psychology is basically the study of human (and sometimes animal) behavior. The word itself means the science of the soul. The first syllable, psyche means soul, and the second part contains the root of the word logic. Essay on My Interest in the Field of Psychology I have always wondered about human behavior. Why does this person scream whenRead MoreMy Career Choice830 Words   |  4 Pagesin my life is to choose a career that I will enjoy and find interesting for many years ahead. It is important that I have the ability to provide well for myself and future family. In an effort to stay current in the marketplace, I am committed to keeping an open mind as career paths change, and dedicating time for continued education. I believe that my career choices for the future greatly depend upon the knowledge that I have of myself, information regarding my career options, testing field workRead MoreMy Career Choice1216 Words   |  5 PagesMy career choices you would really want to know what temi has plan I have some interesting career choices which quite for hard working people like me. My career choices are two things I would love to be a lawyer first thing 2nd one I want to be a business woman I love working for myself like a boss you know make you r own money control things myself. Lawyer tell people what’s right and what’s wrong for everyone to act right teaching them the right steps and let them know that whoever did somethingRead MoreNursing As A Career Choice1714 Words   |  7 PagesNursing as a Ð ¡areer Ð ¡hoice. Anna Leonova Trent University Nursing as a career choice. As Mother Teresa said: â€Å"It is not how much you do but how much love you put in the doing†. These words can not but be common for nurses all over the world. Well, what makes them love their profession? How did people decide to make nursing their career choice? What are the reasons for people to start such a way of life? As it goes without saying, nursing can not be called a professionRead MoreAnalyzing Career Choices1340 Words   |  5 PagesAnalyze career choices choosing Introduction Career choice can be very difficult to make especially when faced with a decision to choice between two attractive job offers (Clinton Van der Merwe2006). Certainly, each of these jobs will have its positive and negatives aspects. Thus, how would you make an informed choice on the best offer? This requires a good decision-making system. This report presents a way such decision can be carried out. Accountant and auditor job Pay and compensation Read MoreFactors of Career Choice3456 Words   |  14 Pagescareer choice Contents 1. Introduction 1.1 Role 1.2 Objective and Subjective Constraints 1.3 Key Theories of Occupational Choice 1.3.1 Developmental Theory 1.3.2 Structural Theory 1.3.3 RIASEC Model 2. Factors of Occupational Choice 2.1 Family and Class 2.2 Neighbourhood and Peer Group 2.3 School and Education 2.4 Race 2.5 Gender 2.5.1 Horizontal and Vertical Segregation 2.5.2 Pay 2.5.3 Hours Worked Read MoreCareer Choices Essay1871 Words   |  8 Pagesoverall financially. Our economy as it stands now is barely standing. The government is in debt by trillions, and furthermore, This means an increased competitive job market. However, one needs to consider many different factors when choosing a career to give them the best chance of being happy and fulfilled. People need to ask themselves, will the job fit my personality? Will I have to travel or relocate? Can I physically do it, and what is the compensation? There are many questions to ask

Enterprise Resource Planning Is A Process †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About the Enterprise Resource Planning Is A Process? Answer: Introduction An enterprise resource planning is a process that is undertaken by an organization to manage and integrate the most important parts of the organization. On the other hand, an Accounting information system is a system put in place by the organization to collect, store and process financial and accounting data (Amalia, 2016). The system consists of computers based method that tracks accounting activities with the help of information technology resources. In most updated business organization, the ERP and AIS go hand in hand. AIS/ERP helps the organization in many ways from cutting cost, to accuracy and convenience. However acquiring and implementing the AIS/ERP is a tedious process, which at times leads to the selection of wrong software to handle the need (Chang and Chang, 2013). This paper therefore evaluates and explains the various ways of determining the correct software the right vendor, the implementation process, challenges as well as risks and remedies involved with the adopti on of AIS/ERP. The paper will use the case of public transport in Sydney. Business process Business processes are those activities that are aimed at delivering services or goods to the client, through and they involve a collection of like tasks to achieve this objective. Business processes can also be explained as predetermined activities, which ones they are completed successfully, lead to the accomplishment of the organization goal. It can also be said that a business process is a series of steps, which have been, undertaken by various stakeholders to achieve a common goal. These processes have to be clearly defined, with multiple inputs and one output. The inputs involved in the process involve all the factors that which contribute to the value of services or product (Amalia, 2016). The input factors can be classified as support processes, operational processes, and management processes. Support processes are those activities that help to run the operational processes. They include human resource, accounting, and workplace safety. These activities do not provide direct value to the client. Management processes are those that involve measuring, controlling ad monitoring activities related to business processes and systems. An example of this processes includes capacity management, budgeting, and infrastructure, strategic planning, governance, an d internal communication. Also, these processes do not provide direct value to the customers (Barra and Savage, 2014). Operational processes, which are sometimes referred to as primary processes, involve activities that deal with the core business. These activities aim to deliver value to the client through providing a product or service. These activities help accomplish the business objectives like revenue generation. Multiple users often repeat these processes so many times in a standardized and optimized way. These processes are sometimes accomplished manually or automatically. Manual processes are those that do not use the aid of an assisting technology while automatic involve the use of technology that has been put in place that helps users to implement the process in a standardized accurate and optimized manner. The various types of business processes that organizations engage in include manufacturing, finance, health, banking, travel, defense, public sector, human resource and compliance (Chang and Chang, 2013). Challenges that are related to business processes include bottlenecks, duplication of work and redundancy, lack of visibility, ad integration issues. Business requirements Business requirements are the necessary factors needed to deliver value to customers and meet business wants. These requirements include processes, software, systems, and products. The business requirement is very useful during the process of purchasing software or another system as it helps the business owners define what should be included in the system. It is also used to capture the current and future needs of the business (Elenor, 2015). Business requirement document This document will express the requirements of the business, its customers and other stakeholders in public transport system in Sydney. Problem definition The public transport in Sydney requires an AIS/ERP that will help make the transport system efficient and effective Business need To automate the accounting system Automated payroll system Automated traffic control Customer service process Payment systems A public transport website Human resource systems Procurement systems Stakeholders and their roles The stakeholders in the Sydney transport system include, The investors- they provide the funding required running the transportation processes The clients- they rely on public transport to be able to go about their duties. The employees they help run the public transport activities The government- it ensures there is a harmonious environment to conduct the transportation business The suppliers who ensure that Sydney public transport system never lacks the required essentials for delivering its services. The community as well as the environment of Sydney transport system The scope The implementation of the AIS/ERP into the Sydney transport system will help reduce delays I the transport system, eliminate traffic, provide clients with information regarding transport so as to help them make informed decisions, andreduce the cost of running transport activities. Also, it will enhance the transport accounting systems, automate the payroll system and reduce the number of accidents as well as improve security in the Sydney transport system (Felski and Jasklski, 2012). However, the possibilities will also be accompanied by challenges such as reduced job opportunities, high implementation cost, possibilities of system hacking and monopoly Scope creep A scope creep involves details of uncontrolled alterations because of the unbudgeted task. This involves formal changes that require consent from all the affected stakeholders. The scope creeps in the AIS/ERP adoption by the Sydney transport system may include, change of contractors addition of implementation resources ad increase in the time required to finish the project (Fox and Patruni, 2015). Business objective The objective of the Sydney public transport is to streamline the transport system, reduce the cost of transport as well as that of running the transport activities and provide the clients with a convenient transport system as well as generate profit for the investors. Available resources The Sydney transport system already has the transport infrastructure on which the transport system runs on. The system has established the role of information technology using computers. The market I Sydney has capable software developers who ca provide the transport system with a proper AIS/ERP The staff in the transport system is well equipped in handling the information technology. Constraints of AIS/ERP adoption in the Sydney public transport The constraints that might arise include; Limited time for implementing AIS/ERP Lack of enough funds to fund the implementation Scarcity of the required skills to help implement AIS/ERP List of assumptions It is assumed that the courtiers inflation rate will remain constant The number of customers is expected to increase once the AIS/ERP is in place The revenue generated once the AIS/ERP is in place will cover the cost of implementation The number of accidents will reduce as well as traffic Employment opportunities currently available in this sector will not be affected The adoption of AIS/ERP will favor the community. The implementation cost will not outrun the budget. Specific requirements This are the objectives that have been breaking down into specific requirements These requirements include: Source of funding the AIS/ERP Assessment of the viability of AIS/ERP implementation Identification of skills required to develop the required AIS/ERP for the public transport A clear plan detailing the implementation process The AIS/ERP should be user-friendly Functional requirements of the AIS/ERP The AIS/ERP should be able to manage the transport system and ensure o delays It should provide information to users pertaining the transport means that are available to help them plan for their journeys It should ensure that the accounting details are well-managed and that all the procurement and payments are done on time. Reduce the traffic experienced in the major cities in the country Connect all the public transport systems in Sydney Keep ad provide records of the public transport system in Sydney to help make improvements Nonfunctional requirements Provide consistent update of the transport system Self-update of the AIS/ERP Provision of analyzed statistical information of the public transport Conclusion The business requirements stated above will help I selecting the most appropriate AIS/ERP once they are factored in Business Vision The implementation of the AIS/ERP system requires a clearly defined vision of the business. The vision clarifies the direction and the goals behind the implementation of the AIS/ERP. This could involve a change that is aimed at meeting the current changing conditions s in the business sector, ad take advantage of the information technology development. The AIS/ERP must fit into the strategy of the business (Lee et al., 2016). Business Requirements vs. Constraints and the desire to change The phase involves various changes in the business exercise in management. The implementation decision of the AIS/ERP requires being made in a way that considers future and current needs of the business, which are constrained by the technological and financial inefficiency. To, counter this problem, the management ad team of consultants is required to develop a detailed critical ERP functionality. This should be immediately followed by a list of technological and organizational changes required to fully and successfully implement the system. The organizational constraints include organizational politics, resistance to change, company's culture, the rigidity of the business processes, style of leadership, job security, prestige, style of leadership, management structure and the degree of decentralization (Mulley and Ho, 2013). ERP System Selection/Evaluation This stage will involve the selection and evaluation of the best AIS/ERP vendor, supporting services of the product to suit the business needs. The selection steps are as summarized below, Core modules selection Extensions acquisition method e.g. From the same AIS/ERP vendor From the third party From third party cooperating with the AIS/ERP vendor Built in-house outsourced vendors selection consultant selection In evaluating the AIS/ERP product, the following considerations are made Requirement Fulfillment Functionality of the AIS/ERP system critical core modules Industry-specific solution offered Availability of extension of applications and compatibility Support of the critical business processes by the AIS/ERP system Availability of the external expert to handle the AIS/ERP system Availability of the implementation partners and expertise Offered training on the AIS/ERP by vendor or third party Financial position of the vendor Offered pricing models Another consideration to be done during the selection of the AIS/ERP system is whether to acquire all in one or best breed of ERP software. Business organizations are looking forward towards gaining competitive advantage, may consider acquiring the AIS/ERP system that comprises of all those software or might decide to source for the best combination of this software. This can be done through acquiring them from the same vendor or another vendor who is closely collaborating with the first vendor (Newton, 2015). Evaluation, ad justification of the AIS/ERP system, needs to Management that it should contribute to the goal of the organization without sacrificing the functionality of the application. Software and vendor selection Vendor/ partner The system requires that an appropriate n AIS/ERP vendor be established who has the capabilities of supplying the required n AIS/ERP for the Sydney public transport. The vendor will be identified based on business requirements Technology platform Again this will be based on the public transport needs, such as automated traffic control and data collection. This also considers the extent to which the AIS/ERP can be customized to suit the purpose of the organization. This allows the user to have much of the required control (Fukuto, 2013). The AIS/ERP application There are two categories of the AIS/ERP system; they tire 1 and tire 2 Tier 1 includes SAP Oracle Microsoft Dynamics AX Tier 2 includes Information system Microsoft Dynamics GP Microsoft Dynamics Nav Net suite Epicor Considering the Sydney Public Transport, selecting tire one, two, or both will depend on the how the complexity of the business processes, such as budget, the size of operations, system scalability and volume of transaction. The system requirement is that it should serve for the longest time possible with low maintenance and can be integrated with other systems. Third-party additions The AIS/ERP system chose for the public transport should be one that gives room for the addition of third-party software that enables the organization to have cater for specific needs. The third party software allows the AIS/ERP to be supplemented or extended to refine the baseline of AIS/ERP system into niche areas as they extend the functionality of the system without developing risks of headaches to the user while trying to build the customized extensions (Gordon, Mulley and Stevens, 2013) Ways in which companies utilize the AIS/ERP to increase business efficiency Organizations are now using the enterprise resource planning to increase operational efficiency I the organization system in the following ways Management integration The system provides its users with an opportunity to link multiple areas of business into one program. This allows the managers to access the overall database that covers, invoices, orders, and clients information. This has allowed the accurate storage of information across other applications and spreadsheets (Nilsson, 2012). Cost benefits AIS/ERP has helped make a considerable reduction in cost related to administrative and inventory errors. Since the AIS/ERP provides access to all departmental levels, the cost associated with multiple data centers is diminished, and this saves both time and money. Strategic planning The AIS/ERP helps managers to strategically plan for resources giving them the opportunity to pinpoint their target market and determine their objectives. The system also provides day-to-day information required by managers to make decisions. Organization performance The AIS/ERP system provides the managers with the chance to narrow down to the performance of each employee at the departmental level, as it provides a single centralized system. This helps the managers to identify the areas of shortages as well as those, which can be improved to increase the organizations performance and efficiency (Patrick, 2017). The evaluation of the efficiency in the level of technology implementation The first step of determining the efficiency of technology is to clarify the problems the problems it is designed to tackle. A thorough mapping of the business process before implementing the AIS/ERP system helps to mitigate the risk as well as identification of existing problems. The second step involves building a consensus; the process entails identifying the needs of the various departments and identifies a common ground that ensures all the departments are adequately served by the AIS/ERP system (Shang and Liu, 2013). The third stage is to consider the various options that the organization has, this step comes after the implementation of the commercial system. The commercial system is customized to the local needs. Choosing systems that meet the needs and are affordable Once the required system has been picked upon, it is also necessary to ensure the AIS/ERP is price considerate. Appropriate planning The implementation strategy of the AIS/ERP system is crucial whether the implementation is in phases or the big bang. The plan helps in the prioritization of key areas of the implementation. The infrastructure It is wise to consider the infrastructure upon which the AIS/ERP system will run on. It has been found on various occasions that the wrong infrastructure can negatively affect the implementation of the AIS/ERP system. The wrong infrastructure may include slow wireless connection, which may reduce the speed of the system. Training the staff Users of the AIS/ERP who have undergone training seem to easily use the system as well as understand it. Good training is that which has been tailored to cater for the individual roles of users. Continuous evaluation progress It is essential to obtain the feedback about problems spotted and respond to them promptly. Evaluation of the AIS/ERP systems and monitoring of workflows to monitor desired and undesired results (Transport Management System, 2017). System maintenance Maintenance involves revisiting periodically throughout the technological cycle. This ensures that the AIS/ERP system continues to run smoothly. It also ensures that the system is continuously updated and incorporates the changes over time. Stay on course To stay on course is to ensure that the system keeps abreast with the modern technologies Potential security risks, data breaches The various risks of data breaches may involve, Theft This is deliberate attacks on the system by the individuals who can access sensitive data which will cause more harm that inadvertent exposure. Theft is usually conducted by employees or inside people who have a grudge ageist the organization or people with a motive of making money through trading the information (Tribunella, 2011). Loss The loss of data occurs when backup files are misplaced o their way to a storage facility or misplacement of laptops and hard drives which end up in the hands of wrong people. Neglect Neglect occurs when old computers are sold or recycled, and the data contained in them is not properly deleted. This data is then retrieved by anyone with just a few tools. Another form of neglect is leaving crucial data without a strong password protection or encryption. Insecure practices Finding, collecting, sending, storing encrypting and removing data may be having implications for safety. Individuals who occasionally handle data normally deal with these activities. Lack of proper safety precautions could lead to exposure of data. Guidelines on how to mitigate the security risk, data breaches The measures that can be taken to ensure security risk are under control include.' Planning how to implement a response plan in case there is a breach How to manage the data breach situation Securing the cyber risk insurance and eliminate the need for regulatory interventions after data breach Planning: comprehensive data breach controls and procedures This process involves a habit of data protection to survive a breach. The proactive role is much better suited for the process than the reactive role. The process also considers involving buy-in from the stakeholders, dedicated resource and their establishment of a data privacy protection culture. Commitment to the senior leadership, in the ongoing data breach prevention, will help in incident responsiveness and competence. The following preparation steps are necessary for data breach prevention, Inventory and review Determination of the type of data available and its sensitivity Determine the storage in which the data resides Identify the existing laws that govern the identified type of data. Roles and responsibilities The process involves giving roles to a response team and preparation of communication templates that can be customized. The team may consist of individuals from the following departments CIO AND CTO-data breach prevention, detection and security. Legal- crisis management HR,.PR and Marketing-internal and external communication Policies and training A document that contains all the policies on data breach, as well as an ongoing training program on data breach, should be always be available in the organization. Proper investment should be made on the above mentioned as hackers require only a single point of entry to get into the system. Situational management; what to do in case of a data breach A data breach can be viewed as a setback or an opportunity to enhance the security system. A good response is one, which handles the danger as well as seizes the opportunities. The following steps are to be followed after the breach has taken place. Step 1gathering facts Step 2 activate the response team Step 3 communication breach References Amalia, A. (2016). persepsi teknologi informasi, kemudahan penggunaan, resiko dan fitur layanan ais terhadap minat ulang dosen menggunakan academic information system (AIS).Akuntabilitas, 7(3). Barra, R. and Savage, A. (2014). Accounting Processes and the Accountant's Role in AIS: An Instructional Resource.AIS Educator Journal, 2(1), pp.33-117. Chang, R. and Chang, Y. (2013). The effect of task uncertainty, decentralization and AIS characteristics on the performance of AIS: an empirical case in Taiwan.Information Management, 40(7), pp.691-703. Claire, A. (2017).How ERP Systems Can Increase a Businesss Operational Efficiency. [online] Medical Design Technology. Available at: https://www.mdtmag.com/article/2013/10/how-erp-systems-can-increase-businesss-operational-efficiency [Accessed 16 May 2017]. David, K. (2017).When Hackers Attack: Mitigating the Existential Data Breach Risk. [online] Lexisnexis.com. Available at: https://www.lexisnexis.com/communities/corporatecounselnewsletter/b/newsletter/archive/2014/06/10/when-hackers-attack-mitigating-the-existential-data-breach-risk.aspx [Accessed 16 May 2017]. Elenor, R. (2015).A working paper on transport in the emergency care system. 1st ed. [Sydney]: Division of Health Services Research, Health Commission of New South Wales. Felski, A. and Jasklski, K. (2012). Information Unfitness of AIS.Annual of Navigation, 19(1). Fox, J. and Patruni, B. (2015).Application system for Sydney Strategic Travel Model. 1st ed. Frank, W. (2017).Business Processes - Explanation and Examples. [online] PNMsoft. Available at: https://www.pnmsoft.com/resources/bpm-tutorial/business-process/ [Accessed 16 May 2017]. Fukuto, J. (2013). AIS Present Condition and Outlook for Future.Journal of The Japan Institute of Marine Engineering, 38(9), pp.576-581. Gordon, C., Mulley, C. and Stevens, N. (2013). Publicprivate contracting and incentives for public transport: Can anything be learned from the Sydney Metro experience?.Transport Policy, 27, pp.73-84. Lee, J., Heo, O., Kim, J., and Chung, S. (2016). A Secure AIS Protocol Suggestion with Analyses of the Standard AIS Protocol. The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology, 9(1), pp.49-57. Mulley, C. and Ho, C. (2013). Evaluating the impact of bus network planning changes in Sydney, Australia.Transport Policy, 30, pp.13-25. Mulley, C. and Tsai, C. (2016). When and how much does new transport infrastructure add to property values? Evidence from the bus rapid transit system in Sydney, Australia.Transport Policy, 51, pp.15-23. Newton, F. (n.d.).NSW Long term transport master plan. 1st ed. Nilsson, M. (2012).Paving the road to sustainable transport. 1st ed. London: Routledge. Oakwood, D. (2017).ERP-Solutions | AIS. [online] Aisinfotech.com. Available at: https://aisinfotech.com/erp-solutions.php [Accessed 16 May 2017]. Patrick, G. (1978).Transport system management. 1st ed. Hunters Hill, N.S.W.: Stapleton Transportation. Rollout, W. (2017).Warning over Transport for NSW ERP rollout. [online] Computerworld. Available at: https://www.computerworld.com.au/article/610934/warning-over-transport-nsw-erp-rollout/ [Accessed 16 May 2017]. Shang, W. and Liu, X. (2013). Reform of Transport Management System and Implementation of Transport Policies in the United Kingdom.JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING STUDIES, 5(4), pp.407-417. Transport Management System. (2017).International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering and Research, 3(3), pp.126-130. Tribunella, T. (2011). AIS Faculty Familiarity And Perceptions Of AIS Journals.Review of Business Information Systems (RBIS), 9(3), p.1. William, A. (2017).Implementing New Technology. [online] Harvard Business Review. Available at: https://hbr.org/1985/11/implementing-new-technology [Accessed 16 May 2017]. Yamada, T. and Tanaka, T. (2015). Utilization of AIS for Vessel Traffic Evaluation-II : A Comparative Study of the Radar and AIS Positioning Results.The Journal of Japan Institute of Navigation, 112(0), pp.35-41.

The Prophecy of the Sisters Review Essay Example

The Prophecy of the Sisters Review Paper Essay on The Prophecy of the Sisters The first thing I want to see its cover! She changed course, but not as much as they usually change. And now directly to book. Prophecy of the Sisters must show us the enmity of the two sister. One angel and must save the world, the other gates to release the fallen angel, so he arranged for the end of the world. Sisters open enmity not so much. A pair of scenes with threats and everything. But sisterly love is present, but also in a strange way. The book begins with death and ends with the same death. But the contrast funeral days gives the reader hope. Very little action, for such stories! The action mainly takes place in their estate and a couple of times they went to the city, well, a trip to another world. Like a love line. Love is shown as a baby, some innocent, awkward, and at the same time is something adult, serious. Very well shows the ratio of boy to girl. One minus, the line was at first, and then in a moment disappeared. About a guy a single word for a very long time. As suddenly disappeared, so suddenly and there. We will write a custom essay sample on The Prophecy of the Sisters Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Prophecy of the Sisters Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Prophecy of the Sisters Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer About the girls is difficult to judge, the book is written in the first person (Leah) and therefore its character, manners, and everything else is fully disclosed, about Alice, we know only of the different situations and conversations. And if I did not know the character of Leah, I decided to, its a bit silly. All the secrets of her sister unravels before her. I was forced to reflect on the words by Samuel and Samain. I had known what it means to Samain, and was surprised when I read that the girls do not know him. But Samuel did not really understand his role. I think it should be the opposite. Now I try to find information about it and to understand how such an idea. I remain confident that in the second book will be more action, less than the love interest. Everything else can not even imagine.

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buy custom Chlamydia essay Chlamydia is a bacterial infection that is transmitted sexually. The disease is very common in the United States, with 5% of adults population contracting it and about 10% of sexually active youths, being infected by the same disease. The disease is common among young adults below 25 years of age, people in urban areas, African American and among those people of low social class. Chlamydia is caused by a bacterium called Chlamydia trachomatis. The modes of transmission includes sexual contacts or from mother to child during birth through the birth canal. In newborns Chlamydia can cause pneumonia and serious eye infections. The symptoms of Chlamydia are dependent on gender. About 70% to 80% of women any do not show any symptoms. However, some women bleed after sex or between monthly periods, experience pains in the lower abdomen and during urination and discharge from vagina. Few men display the symptoms such as pain during urination, discharge from the penis and inflammation of ducts in the testicles. The testicles become tender and painful. When one experiences suchsigns it advisable to visit a doctor, since the disease can develop to serious levels if it is not treated. In women it can lead to inflammation of the pelvis, which can cause sterility. During diagnosis of Chlamydia, physical examinations may be carried out. In women, tenderness in the sexual organ, pus from vagina and fever could indicate infection. In men discharge of pus from genital area is an indication of infection. Diagnostic tests may involve taking samples of discharge and examining them under the microscope, to determine the causative organisms. Samples of urine may be tested for the presence of the causative bacteria along other sexually transmitted infections. Antibiotics are used to treat Chlamydia. This includes azithromycin which is a single dose pill, or doxycycline which is taken twice daily. The two drugs have a high curing rate for the infection. The dose regime should be completed as directed by the doctor. One should ensure that their partners are not infected, and they should be retested after treatment to ensure that they are completely healed. To pprevent infection from the disease, one should use a condom during sexual intercourse and also avoid risk with multiple partners. Infected partners should be treated before any other sexual activity with them. If not treated, Chlamydia can develop various complications. It can cause pelvic inflammation disease in about 10% to 40%. 5% of these women with this disease develop perihepatitis. Women also develop chronic pain in the pelvis which can cause sterility due to blockage of the fallopian tubes. Fallopian tube allows the egg to move down to the uterus. Men may develop sexually acquired reactive arthritis or Reiter syndrome. In his article on genital herpes, Davidson has explained very well about the disease. He has touched on the cause, diagnosis and treatment of the disease. He has also clearly stated the appropriate time to see a doctor and the follow up of treatment. He has also explained on prognosis of genital herpes. However he has failed to indicate the specific medications used in the treatment of the disease and also he does not tell us the signs associated with herpes Buy custom Chlamydia essay

Management Coursework

Management Coursework Management Coursework Management Coursework Education holds two important objectives. On one hand, it is a learning process: visiting lectures and practical classes, passing tests and exams. On the other hand, it requires scientific work: writing coursework and research papers. Coursework writing is more difficult to accomplish compared to research paper writing. It is impossible to overestimate its significance because it represents the most real scientific work done by you. Coursework writers are expected to disclose their scientific ability. Therefore, you need to approach it very seriously. You must begin preparation for management coursework writing as soon as possible. The first step should be contacting your scientific adviser. There are a lot of students who manage to turn to the scientific adviser one or two weeks prior to deadline. Remember: after the assignment of the coursework topic, the scientific adviser is your assistant and friend while prior to deadline he is an overdriven person who has many other troubles. Therefore, it is very important to appeal to the coursework scientific adviser immediately. College coursework adviser will help you to choose the right topic, suggest where to find the necessary materials, acquaint you with the methodology of the study, and find provide you with many other useful pieces of advice. It would be no exaggeration to say that the coursework adviser is the most important person in coursework writing process:http://.com/blog/coursework-writing-help Coursework Writing Help You should approach management coursework topic selection very seriously. Don't choose hackneyed coursework topics. Such college coursework topics are very difficult to research. Once the topic is chosen, you can begin collecting material for coursework writing. Start with the general works related to the issue, and then move to specific research topics. First and foremost, you should examine English-language literature. While familiarizing with the literature, pay special attention to primary sources and the most recent studies. In the process of working on resources, you need to take takes to be used for college management coursework writing. Remember, each written phrase should have "anchor" to a specific page of your source for avoiding problems with the placement of footnotes. It is important to look at the facts as well as views expressed by the author, his assessment of events and processes. .com Management coursework writing is too important to waste your time. Management coursework writing is too difficult to write it without professional help. We offer you an opportunity to get professional custom written management coursework prior to deadline. Placing coursework writing order on our site, you receive original custom coursework written from scratch. Do not hesitate to contact us to learn more about our services.Our paper writing blog with tips on writing is free and you can read it any time! Read more: Literary Essay Hamlet Law School Personal Statement Experience Essay Essay Example on Cause of Crime Deforestation Essay

What is a Theoretical Approach Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

What is a Theoretical Approach - Coursework Example However, even if the philosophical topic is a changeable topic that cannot be sufficed by the formation of theories that try to explain such broad and complex concepts, formation of a comprehensive and all inclusive theoretical framework can give us an explicit way to aid in tracing and identifying any territory of philosophy. This would further increase our understanding of philosophical concepts, which are purported to be beyond human understanding (Costa, 2002). A theoretical approach refers to an organized set of principles put forward by an interested party in the study of a topic of interest put bring forth their conceptualization of a matter of importance. This theoretical approach must follow a given methodological approach to put it in the required context to further understanding. A prescriptive theoretical approach aims at explaining what a concept under study should be. It outlines definitions in order to give concept under study meaning that can be used to further unders tanding. This approach is not concerned about past events but focuses on the future to guide an analysis. A descriptive theoretical approach aims at explaining what philosophy has been by looking at the past.... Aristotle can indeed, be considered a theorist given the numerous contributions in philosophy through theories highlighted in his book, Nicomachean Ethics. Aristotle contributed greatly in the explanation of concepts of human lives jointly with other theorists such as Plato (Ackrill, 1981). The theorist presented ideas on matters that pertains happiness sequentially to bring comprehension of the origin and other dynamics of happiness. According to Aristotle, happiness was reliant on individuals instead of other people around humans. Aristotle presented critical thinking concerning the pursuit of happiness in the world. Aristotle modified and incorporated observations concerning happiness thus presenting the intricate and reasonable theory concerning happiness. Aristotle utilized or presented intricate situation in his works as a theorist using skill and comprehension of concepts in order to develop ideas that were applied in formulating theories (Ackrill, 1981). The situation that Ar istotle structured in order to come up with the theories in philosophy and other fields were meant to serve a clear purpose within the contexts of the structured theories. In various works presented in the book, Nicomachean Ethics, certain ideas or concepts offered by Aristotle were never immediately important although other relevant ideas got presented by other theorist in response to either add on or deduct irrelevant ideas. Aristotle developed ideas that he presented in his works, through stepwise methodology, to ensure that the problems that were presented go solved perfectly although it is not certain that the ideas were facts or fiction. Aristotle can

Coursework assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Coursework assignment - Essay Example business to compete more successfully in the world marketplace and in its excellent development tool for its workforce (PRASAD, 2012: 24).The International Human Resource manager is thus supposed to consider a number of aspects when working in multinational aspects, which includes; laws of the country, the culture of people, and work conditions for expatriate as well as the local employees, and pay expectations. Human resource practitioners and managers usually encounter problems, for a number of reasons, when sending employees on international duties and projects sometimes with disastrous results (HALVERSON, & TIRMIZI, 2008: 9). A different major reason could be that HR managers send employees on international duties without offering them the necessary training or allowing a period for the transitional phase (ILES, & ZHANG, 2013: 67). During this period, the human resource managers need to develop the necessary and required leadership skills for their employees, according to the employee’s level of authority in the host country, come up with the structures, and obtain the human resource as well as the international procedures and policies of the organization in place, which is also applicable for HR managers when sent on international duties. Companies are directed by people who have features and basic expertise which allow them to bond with the firms as well as people involved with the business. Human resource managers are thus supposed to be able to meet the numerous difficulties of performing their commitments. Human resource managers thus presume a number of roles which entail being a supervisor, figurehead, representative, and the allocator of assets as well as the resources (WILTON, 2013: 7). They put down and achieve the firm’s objectives by planning, ordering, directing as well as controlling (NOE, 2013: 127). The human resource managers are also concerned with the global alignment and coordination of international HR policies as well as

Decision making software Essay Example for Free

Decision making software Essay QUESTION 1 Life Orientation is an umbrella term which encompasses all the work that teachers should be doing with learners and include school guidance, counselling and life skills. QUESTION 2 Acceptance is concerned with all aspects of learning. QUESTION 3 Three (3) different types of thought developments can be differentiated. QUESTION 4 An intensive, extended career education programme helps learners to gain knowledge of who they are. QUESTION 5 Lindhard and Oosthuizen differentiate between the following principles of decision making, namely: aims and value; information; solution and decision making. QUESTION 6 A facilitative process is where the individual looks at his/her own interests. QUESTION 7 Assessment should only focus on the learner’s intellectual abilities. QUESTION 8 Observation is an exploratory technique that should be part of every educator’s role. QUESTION 9 The implication of the structured interview is that the interviewer and the learner encounter each other as equal partners. QUESTION 10 Individual counselling is predominantly used as a mode of counselling in school settings. QUESTION 11 In the teaching of Life Skills education the learner is the centre. ETH203Q/101 13 QUESTION 12 In educational support the content should be presented in such a way that the learners themselves achieve personalization. QUESTION 13 Study methods and reading skills are categorized as personal skills. QUESTION 14 Compiling a budget and writing a CV are categorized as survival skills. QUESTION 15 Imagining are dependent upon the senses and is a precondition for learning. QUESTION 16 The learner is able to transcend reality and enter a world of â€Å"nonreality† through the process of personalization. QUESTION 17 The composite interview method is made up of the best elements from the direct and indirect interviews. QUESTION 18 The three main considerations governing a career choice are job description, working conditions and job opportunities. QUESTION 19 In the decision making process the delaying decider is the â€Å"whatever will be, will be† type. QUESTION 20 During observation the learner is always the object. (20)

Free Othello Essay: The Disintegration of Othello -- Othello essays

The Disintegration of Othello Shakespeare's Othello is a play with unique characters. One such character is the one for which Shakespeare names his play. In the play, Othello disintegrates from a confident leader to a homicidal murderer. Linguistic changes throughout the play attest to this theory. In the opening scenes, Shakespeare portrays Othello as a noble character. When Brabantio seeks vengeance (for "stealing" his daughter) on Othello, Othello expresses his actions will "tongue out his [Brabantio's] complaints" (1.2.21). Thus he shows his calmness against the verbal slander of Brabantio. Throughout this scene, Othello remains calm and confident. Moreover, he humbly tells the story of his relationship with Desdemona. He does not flaunt the situation over Brabantio but speaks modestly. In the next act, Othello maintains his calm demeanor. He speaks poetically of seeing his "fair warrior" Desdemona (2.1.210). Later in the scene, Cassio fails at his military duties. Even though this deeply hurts Othello, he keeps his calm. He lovin...

Case Study: Developing Chinks in the Vaunted “Toyota Way”

Introduction Since 2005 Toyota has dominated the car industry but when people spoke of Toyota is was never to say that it had the best fuel efficiency, faster or even more luxurious. They always spoke about how solid the car was, how good it was on gas and how they really never had a problem with the Toyota they bought. Everyone that spoke about Toyota always said that it was a great car for a great price. Toyota has always focused on making a quality car for a fair price and had the reputation as a great company to work for.The people that worked for Toyota always felt they were making a difference and part of a team. They felt their work mattered and problems were not swept under a rug in order to turn a profit†¦until recently. Over the last couple of years it seems that Toyota has run into more than their fair share of problems. Now when people talk about Toyota they mention mechanical problems or problems with the quality of the product. What has changed? What has taken Toyo ta off the path of a great car for a great price?Has Toyota sacrificed quality for quantity in order to turn a larger profit or was something behind all of this? Was part of the plan to recover the United States auto industry to put into question the quality of the foreign automobile? Issues Addressed What has taken Toyota away from â€Å"The Toyota Way (Nelson and Quick, 2011-586)? † The Toyota way is, according to Toyota, a set of principles that have, until recently, set the standard for all other auto makers to follow. Toyota listens to the employee’s suggestions and even implements them if they make sense.Toyota recently conducted a study of the their products against the competitors, component by component only to find that just over half of all of their products were superior. This type of findings found Toyota was suffering from mediocrity and maybe Toyota’s pursuit of profit and becoming number one caused the loss of focus of the original fourteen princ iples that was the very core that got them to the top? Answering the Questions 1. Nelson and Quick describe espoused values as â€Å"what members of an organization say they value (Nelson and Quick, 2011-560)† and â€Å"enacted values are values reflected in the way individuals actually behave (Nelson nd Quick, 2011-560). † So one has to think that there is a strong possibility that Toyota’s employees are no longer feeling valued as employees. With the economy suffering, cuts are being made in almost every corporation in the world and Toyota is not exempt from this. Since 2009 Toyota has been suffering from the massive lawsuits of the braking problems of their vehicles and the vehicles unable to stop. With massive recalls and millions of dollars being paid out because of a quality issue the money had to come from somewhere.Since 2009 Toyota made huge cuts in manufacturing and production came to crawl and thus laying off a lot of employees. With employee layoffs comes the uncertainty of a future and with that the employees are no longer feeling like a family but now feeling like a number and numbers are easy to cut. 2. Toyota has always tried to stick with the original fourteen principles they simply label as the Toyota way. These fourteen basic principles are â€Å"a pattern of basic assumptions that are considered valid and that are taught to new members as the way to perceive, think, and feel in the organization (Nelson and Quick, 2011- 740). The Toyota Way lends in the way management decision are made, process flows, amount of production and bringing problems to the surface vice sweeping them under a rug. 3. Up until the last few years The Toyota Way was preached, taught, and embedded into the way all employees acted and thought. Now the CEO of Toyota, Katsuaki Watanabe, is thinking that Toyota has strayed from the path of the Toyota Way and the quality of the product and the efficiency of the production companies are suffering because of this. 4.As virtually every company in the world is trying to figure out how to survive and make it through the recession, Toyota is no different. The CEO of Toyota faces new challenges as well as trying to get back to the core principles that brought them to the top of every auto manufacturing envy list. Toyota is trying to expand their operations, recover from the damaging reputation and instill the Toyota Way back into the entire corporation. Toyota is spending millions of dollars in an attempt to give Toyota the public confidence it once had.This challenge, in today’s economy seems almost impossible but Toyota is committed and believes they will prevail. Conclusions I have always considered myself an open minded individual and have tried to look at only the facts before coming to a conclusion. While America’s auto industries were on the verge of collapse and the United States government having to bail them out, I have to wonder why the United States government w as so involved with the problems of the Toyota products.At the peak of the auto industry crises in the United States our government ensured the problems with the quality and reliability of the Toyota products were questionable and always in the headlines of all the news. With the United States trying to recover what was left of the auto industry and ensure the American people had faith in the quality of the American automobile they always made sure the quality of the import was in question. One has to think that something was behind all this to ensure the American people went back to buying American automobiles.Has Toyota really left the path of the Toyota Way or did they get pushed off the path? ? References Isidore, Chris. CNN Money. February 9, 2001. http://money. cnn. com/2011/02/08/news/companies/toyota_cost_cutting/index. htm Nelson, D. & Campbell-Quick, J. , (2011). Organizational Behavior: Science, the Real World and You. (7th ed. ). Canada: South-Western Cengage Learning. P ace, Joe. The Workplace: Today and Tomorrow. The Professional Development Series, Book One.

How does Shakespeare make Lady Macbeth into such a Dramatic Character Essay

Creating a character like Lady Macbeth who is ahead of her time, domineering and so far away from the 16th and17th century stereotypical women, is a fantastic achievement for Shakespeare. Lady Macbeth’s character is not too dissimilar to that of a witch as many aspects of the things she does and the language and imagery she uses have led me to believe that she may well be one. This could well have been the response if a Jacobean audience, There are also frequent times when she appears to call on spirits. At the time when Macbeth was written the public were becoming increasingly pre-occupied with witchcraft. A law was even put in place to ban it. It was also estimated that at least a staggering 8,000 witches were burned at the stake just in Scotland between 1564 and 1603 (which would have supported the Jacobean view at the time). As witches were used in the play it would have made it all the more intriguing to the audience and to James I. Another point of attraction is the fact that Lady Macbeth appears to have some witchlike features, or that she could be working in sync with them. This only adds another fascinating dimension to her character and so would have broadened her appeal as a dramatic character at the time. When Macbeth was written, women were believed to be inferior to men. Lady Macbeth contrasts to this belief in numerous ways. She, for example, has more control over Macbeth than he has of her. She also seems able to manage and manipulate effectively and uses these skills in act 1 scene 7 she does a great job of persuading Macbeth to go through with the murder of Duncan and in act 3 scene 4 when she attempted to stop Macbeth from giving away that he murdered Duncan. I also believe that the impact of the witches, especially at the very beginning of the play provides an excellent building block for her to manipulate, control and domineer him. One of the most important factors in being able to control Macbeth are the witches. Without the information and ambition that the witches feed him, Lady Macbeth’s persuasive powers wouldn’t be anywhere near as effective. In addition Lady Macbeth seems to be undecided whether she is good, evil, somewhere in between or indeed what ulterior motive she has. Maybe she acknowledges she is human after being taken over by spirits, but ultimately she cannot defeat her humanity. Lady Macbeth’s portrayals in the Polanski and ‘Estate’ film version contrast greatly. In the Polanski portrayal, Lady Macbeth is seen to reflect the way Shakespeare intended her to manifest. She also is seen to be devious and conniving just as Shakespeare intended. However in the ‘Estate’ version, Lady Macbeth gains sympathy from the audience and we are certainly more sympathetic towards her, because as the film indicates she lost her child earlier in life. This is also why many characters in the film look upon her differently in comparison the Polanski version. The evidence we have of Lady Macbeth being portrayed in two different ways shows what an impressive, dramatic and intriguing character Shakespeare has created, and I’m sure that numerous other interpretations can be made, and will be made in the future. The very first time we are introduced to Lady Macbeth is when she has received a letter from Macbeth informing her about what the witches had told him. What is interesting is that she never dwells on the letter for a moment. She just gets straight into devising a way of how to get Macbeth to be king (and of course herself queen) by killing. She immediately knows he isn’t capable of committing the murder as she says â€Å"It’s too full of the milk of human kindness†. Using the work milk means she views Macbeth as young or inexperienced and definitely incapable of murdering Duncan. Also it initiates a sense of images connected with motherhood and femininity. She then does on to say â€Å"I pour my spirits into thine ear† which is a reference to the fact that she’ll have to use her persuasive powers to influence him. It is immediately clear Shakespeare intended to give her power, and the way she has already started to devise a plan instantaneously in her mind is astonishing. She clearly thinks she is powerful already when she says â€Å"Under my battlements†. In Lady Macbeth’s mind the Macbeth’s castle is hers. This view is completely in contrast with events at the time as any normal stereotypical woman in this time period would never claim to own her husband’s property. We as an audience already know that Lady Macbeth is an extraordinary powerful woman. But she thrives for more power. When she says â€Å"Unsex me here† this means that she feels restricted and wants to have mens’ power. She may also believe that a woman can only have so much power and to gain more she would have to become a man. I believe she feels jealous of Macbeth’s power and longs to feel what it is like to me a man like him. Immediately when Macbeth has met his wife after sending the letter, barely any pleasantries are exchanged and she quickly sets upon overwhelming him. Lady Macbeth’s sharp innovative thinking has already devised a plan to kill Duncan and she wastes no time in unleashing it upon Macbeth Duncan â€Å"That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan†. She has concocted that the murder will be covered up â€Å"And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell† and that the murder will happen under the â€Å"Blanket of dark†. She also tells him that she will poison the guards in order for him to get to Duncan â€Å"And take my milk for gall†. The way Lady Macbeth has already pieced together a plan of how to get herself into the powerful position of queen so rapidly is a prime example that power and domination are the main features of her existence. She clearly thrives on power and her last statement in act 1 scene 5 only underlines this fact â€Å"Leave all the rest to me†. She is telling Macbeth that she has complete control over the situation and that instead of her relying on him, he can rely on her. This would be shocking to the audience as it challenges beliefs about society’s roles at the time. Although Lady Macbeths plan seems convincing, Macbeth is still a bit wary of it. He puts forward the view that doing more than what is natural for a man to do, no longer makes him a man. In other words it would make him unnatural as it could almost be construed that Lady Macbeth is trying to mould Macbeth and make him into a somewhat supernatural character. Although we know Macbeth kills Duncan, he may not have done so if it had not been for his love and affection for his wife, as in the letter he wrote to her he called her â€Å"My dearest partner of greatness†. We also know that he trusted her with his life, as if the letter he had written to her had been seen by anybody else; it may have been seen as treasonous. Without Macbeth’s love and trust for his wife Lady Macbeth may not have been able to persuade him to commit the murder. In act 1 scene 7 Lady Macbeth hits her husband where she knows it will hurt by making him feel like a coward when she continues to â€Å"Pour my spirits into thine ear† and she says mockingly â€Å"Poor cat†. The image of the cat is designed in to re-inforce the fact that Macbeth is being cowardly for having second thoughts over the murder of Duncan. Another even more damaging persuasive technique Lady Macbeth uses is to insult Macbeth’s manhood. When Lady Macbeth says â€Å"When you dur’st do it, then you were a man† it appears to demolish Macbeths futile attempts to convince himself that he shouldn’t murder Duncan by mocking his masculinity and contrasting it to her commitment to him. Anxiety Lady Macbeth seems hell-bent on persuading Macbeth to murder Duncan, but could she have done it herself? She claims Duncan looked like her father so she couldn’t do it. But she also said she would kill her own baby if she had to â€Å"I would while it was smiling in my face†. I think she isn’t quite as powerful as she appears on the surface and she is too scared herself of the consequences of killing a king. Although if this was the case it would be ironic as the guilt of Macbeth killing Duncan affects her a lot more. On waiting for Macbeth to commit the murder, Lady Macbeth is triumphant and bold and is confident having played her part by drugging the guards. Here Macbeth makes a foolish mistake by bringing the two bloodstained daggers back from the scene of the crime. Lady Macbeth quickly notices his mistake and decisively orders him to put the daggers beside the drunken guards. Macbeth is too overcome with the fear of guilt to do this, which forces Lady Macbeth to carry out the deed for him. Without Lady Macbeth’s readiness of mind and strength of purpose, Macbeth may have been exposed. We see Lady Macbeth has the initiative and grasps the situation; however after persuading Macbeth to murder Duncan she has turned a great warrior into a guilty wreck. After Duncan’s death Macbeth kills the guards in a false display of loyalty, however Macduff questions this and although Macbeth justifies his actions it still seems unconvincing. Lady Macbeth conveniently faints after seeing the dead bodies. I believe she fakes to faint as she is afraid that Macbeth wasn’t convincing and this provides the perfect way to draw the attention away from Macbeth. Nevertheless I believe that Lady Macbeth may be genuinely shocked by her husband’s quick ruthless actions and maybe before she thought that he wouldn’t be capable of murdering again. She may be shocked at what he has turned into, and not realize how omnipotent she has been. Also, with Macbeth acting so spontaneously this could be conceived by her as him challenging her power Lady Macbeth becomes uneasy as her husband seems to spend his time alone â€Å"Desire has got without content†. She is also not enjoying her new found role as queen. It seems the position she so wanted in life hasn’t lived up to her high standards. When Macbeth eventually does see her she pretends she is at ease with the current situation. In addition in this scene Lady Macbeth begins to lose her power over Macbeth and from her being so dominant now the situation and balance begins to shift. He is beginning to formulate a plan without her, but he won’t tell her what it is. Macbeth despite calling her â€Å"Dearest chuck† clearly feels he doesn’t need her. Whereas in the first act, Lady Macbeth is overpowering Macbeth, now their roles have changed. In act 3 scene 4 Lady Macbeth grasps control over the situation for one last time. Banquo’s ghost ironically occupies Macbeth’s seat as Banquo’s descendants will do the throne. Only Macbeth can see the ghost and he is terrified. Lady Macbeth’s quick thinking to draw the banquet to a close and dismiss everyone is another example of how much influence she has had throughout the play, and without her Macbeth surely wouldn’t be in the position he now currently finds himself in. However he seems to only talk of himself alone â€Å"For mine own good†. He even admits that he wants to visit the witches again. Lady Macbeth results in keeping â€Å"Her state† which means she is going to remain and sit on the throne. On the throne is where she should be able to enjoy her role as queen but it somehow feels hollow and empty for her without Macbeth by her side. And maybe it is no wonder that Lady Macbeth begins to question what has become of her. In Macbeth’s castle at Dunsinaine a doctor and a waiting gentlewoman discuss their patient, Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth is sleepwalking and it must finally dawn on the audience that she has lost all control and is on the verge of insanity as sleepwalking was seen as a supernatural sign of being possessed. Earlier in the play she said â€Å"What’s done is done† meaning she is suggesting that killing Duncan would not be of concern once it had been accomplished. However now what’s done is not in the past put present in her mind. She now goes on to say â€Å"What’s done cannot be undone† Which is the complete opposite to her earlier statement. She says â€Å"Who would have thought the old man would have so much blood in him?† while in her dream-like state. I think this means that she didn’t realize so much guilt would overwhelm her after Macbeth had murdered Duncan, also that she didn’t think there would be so many deaths after they had killed Duncan. What is fascinating about Lady Macbeth’s situation now is she set about trying to influence Macbeth and it appears she has influenced herself into her own death. Lady Macbeth’s death could almost be viewed as a sacrifice for Macbeth. She may have felt that she was becoming a burden for him and that he would do better without her. Furthermore she could have killed herself as she had lost control over herself and more importantly over Macbeth, who seemed to be acting spontaneously without her dramatic impact over him. Macbeth’s reaction may also come as a surprise to the audience as when he says â€Å"She should have died hereafter† it feels like he is being offhand and has more important things to worry about than his wife’s death. Or does the word hereafter suggest he may dwell and mourn over the matter later? In conclusion the dramatic power of Lady Macbeth is at first influential and rewarding to her and her husband, but then spirals out of control. Shakespeare has created an iconic and revolutionary character and one who seems to have numerous personalities on-the-go at once. At first she seems supernatural with her uncompromising desire for her husband to take the throne, but then she shows aspects of humanity- she would have killed Duncan herself if he hadn’t have reminded her of her father. Finally, it seems that Shakespeare created the characters of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth to compliment each other. As when Macbeth is weak and hesitant, Lady Macbeth is strong and dynamic; when Macbeth is diligent and determined, Lady Macbeth is tormented and slowly disintegrates. Without the relationship they provide for each other they wouldn’t have got to the stage of their downfall.

Presidents Who Were Secretary of State

Presidents Who Were Secretary of State A political tradition which died out in the mid-19th century was the elevation of the secretary of state to the office of president. Six 19th century presidents had previously served as the nations top diplomat. The secretary of state position was considered such a launching pad to the presidency that men who sought the highest office were widely believed to have angled to be named secretary of state.   The perceived importance of the job is brought into sharper focus when you consider that several prominent, yet unsuccessful, presidential candidates of the 19th century had also held the position. Yet the last president to have been secretary of state was James Buchanan, the ineffective president who served four years in the late 1850s as the country was coming apart over the issue of slavery.   The candidacy of Hillary Clinton in the presidential election of 2016 was noteworthy in this historical context as she would have been the first secretary of state to become president since Buchanans election 160 years earlier.   The office of secretary of state is still a very important cabinet post, of course. So its interesting that in the modern era we have not seen any secretaries of state go on to become president. In fact, cabinet positions in general have ceased to be pathways to the White House. The last president who had served in the cabinet was Herbert Hoover. He was serving as Calvin Coolidges secretary of commerce when he became the Republican nominee and was elected in 1928. Here are the presidents who served as secretary of state, as well as some prominent candidates for president who also held the position: The Presidents: Thomas Jefferson The nations first secretary of state, Jefferson held the position in the cabinet of George Washington from 1790 to 1793. Jefferson was already a revered figure for having written the Declaration of Independence and for having served as a diplomat in Paris. So its conceivable that Jefferson serving as secretary of state in the nations early years helped establish the position as the foremost post in the cabinet. James Madison Madison served as secretary of state during Jeffersons two terms in office, from 1801 to 1809. During Jeffersons administration the young nation had its fair share of international problems, including battles with the Barbary Pirates and increasing problems with the British interfering with American shipping on the high seas. Madison declared war on Britain while serving as president, a decision that was highly controversial. The resulting conflict, the War of 1812, had been rooted in Madisons time as secretary of state. James Monroe Monroe was secretary of state in Madisons administration, from 1811 to 1817. Having served during the War of 1812, Monroe was perhaps wary of further conflict. And his administration was known for making deals, such as the Adams-Onis Treaty. John Quincy Adams Adams was Monroes secretary of state from 1817 to 1825. It was actually John Adams who deserves credit for one of Americas greatest foreign policy pronouncements, the Monroe Doctrine. Though the message about involvement in the hemisphere was delivered in Monroes annual message (the predecessor of the State of the Union Address), it was Adams who had advocated for it and drafted it. Martin Van Buren Van Buren served two years as Andrew Jacksons secretary of state, from 1829 to 1831. After being secretary of state for part of Jacksons first term, he was nominated by Jackson to be the countrys ambassador to Great Britain. His appointment was voted down by the U.S. Senate, after Van Buren had already arrived in England. The senators who thwarted Van Buren as an ambassador may have done him a favor, as it made him sympathetic to the public and probably helped when he ran as president to succeed Jackson in 1836. James Buchanan Buchanan was secretary of state in the administration of James K. Polk, from 1845 to 1849. Buchanan served during an administration which was fixated on expanding the nation. Sadly, the experience did him no good a decade later, when the major problem faced by the country was the splitting of the nation over the issue of slavery. The Unsuccessful Candidates: Henry Clay Clay served as secretary of state for President Martin Van Buren from 1825 to 1829. He ran for president several times. Daniel Webster Webster served as secretary of state for William Henry Harrison and John Tyler, from 1841 to 1843. He later served as secretary of state for Millard Fillmore, from 1850 to 1852. John C. Calhoun Calhoun served as John Tylers secretary of state for one year, from 1844 to 1845.

How to Make Negative Sentences in French

How to Make Negative Sentences in French Making sentences negative in French is a bit more complicated than in English. This summary of the different kinds of negation and negation-related grammatical structures should help clear up some of the confusion. The title of each negation category links to a detailed lesson with examples of usage and a quiz. (Dont) just say nonNo, not a chance, I dont think so, and more. nonpas question ! Negative adverbsNegate or restrict the action of the verb they modify. ne... pasne... jamais Negative adjectivesNegate or cast doubt on a quality of the noun they modify. ne... nulne... aucun Negative pronounsNegate or cast doubt on the existence of the noun they replace. ne... rienne... personne Negative conjunctionTheres only one: ne... ni... ni... Negative questionsTheres a special French word to respond yes when someone else says no.lt;br - Non.- Si ! Negating infinitives2-part negative structures stay together in front of infinitives. Ne pas toucher.Ne jamais fermer. Nimporte... expressionsDesignate an unspecified person, thing, or characteristic. nimporte quinimporte quel... PasNegate a non-verbal structure. pas beaucouppas souvent Double negativesTwo negatives dont make a positive in French. Ce nest pas rien.Je nai jamais vu personne. Formal negationThere are three negative structures particular to formal French. ne... pointavant quil ne... Informal negationNe is often dropped in spoken French. Je sais pas.Bouge pas !

The Young Victoria (Movie, 2008) as an example of Symbolic Activity Essay

The Young Victoria (Movie, 2008) as an example of Symbolic Activity and Performance Theories - Essay Example He then realizes that the Queen exerts little influence over her daughter, something that makes him have Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, his nephew seduce Victoria. King Leopold 1 then ordered Baron Stockmar to help Prince Albert learn Victoria’s interest such as her favorite music, opera and novels (Vallà ©e 08:58). The King’s family is then invited into the Duchess household where Albert and Victoria eventually develop an interest for one another. The rest of the movie then revolves around Queen Victoria’s reign and her marriage to Prince Albert. Therefore, this paper primarily focuses on illustrating how this film is as an example of symbolic activity and performance theories. According to Burke, life is a drama that involves conflict and division, which threatens some existing order (Wood 104). This idea applies to a number of scenes in the film. For instance, little Victoria is deeply unhappy with her lifestyle and strict rules imposed on her. She claims that the palace itself seems to be a prison (Vallà ©e 01:44). This is because of the chill that fills the rooms and coldness that largely emanate from her close adviser and the duchess. She is also isolated from other children with her company mainly comprising of servants. She is trying to amuse herself as much as she can through watching TV and playing with the dog, but this only seems to be limited entertainment. It seems that Victoria is not satisfied with the things happening in her life at that stage. This led to a series of conflict between her mother, close adviser and herself. From the film, there is a scene when Victoria tells Sir John Conroy that she is currently too smart to be controlled. However, Sir Conroy uses force to make Victoria obey her pieces of advice. In this scene, Victoria is trying to pursue perfection, which makes her guilty.

Hip Hop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hip Hop - Essay Example These men were the rebels of the day. But as hip hop has become more popular, its stars have become brands and multimillionaires too. They do not commit crimes because it would reduce their brand value. Instead, like Michael Corleone, they try to become legitimate businessmen. In the process, they sell their music as entertainment. They become the fat cats and authority figures that they once railed against. In early times they would talk about how hard their lives were and how impoverishing the ghetto was—but now they told such stories from their Manhattan penthouses. This tension causes a real problem for hip hop. The answer to the above question must be â€Å"no.† With commercialization, hip hop has lost much of its authenticity. It is no longer a product of the street, but is instead a product of the businesses and record people who sell it at Walmart. Record labels can try to fabricate and market street cred, but that does not make it authentic (Watkins, 2). Authen tic hip hop still exists in clubs and among the undiscovered, but it has lost something over the years. It is no longer as real as it once was. What does the transformation of the â€Å"hood† from an inner city location to a consciousness allow artists like Jay-Z to do? Through his music, Jay-Z is capable of transforming a physical location or state of poverty into something much more inspiring.

Compare and contrast 4 poems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Compare and contrast 4 poems - Essay Example Unrivaled for its variety and strength, the poetry of the First World War persists to have a powerful impact on readers. The three poems that will be discussed in this paper reflect the diverse experience of those who lived through the war, integrating the words of poets, soldiers and civilians affected by the war. These four poems depict the emotions of those at war, and the unknown lyrics of soldiers’ songs. Furthermore, the poems provide a blend of voices that is both unique and tremendously moving. The poetry that was coming out of the First World War revealed, for the first time in the history of ever, the actual horror of war. The consequence is an extraordinary documentation of passionate emotions and atrocious experiences, written by men and women from extensively different settings, of distinct and lasting significance. Moina Michael influenced by the May 1915 poem â€Å"In Flanders Fields† composed by Canadian doctor and Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae, publish ed her own poem in Novemember 1918, We Shall Keep the Faith. In her emotional poem Moina Michael swears to at all time don a red poppy as a symbol of remembrance for those who were killed in the war. ... tradiction, which is a remembrance that is sub-presumed into the iconography of politeness, and provided with the added baggage of watchfulness, responsibility, and unstipulated trust. Monia’s poem somehow ignores, as do the memorials erected all over the state, is the time of evolution between life and death. The poppy remodelled by Monia is the gesture of the realm into which a generation fell and through which we persist to stumble on as if heaved; we are the future that the demised speaks to. Presently the poppies flutter in the fields of Iraq. The poppy, with its embedded promise of oblivion, has become the appropriate preserve of the despicable. The Monia’s poem also falls short to tell us what that was, however, it serves well adequately to mark the appalling void at its heart. â€Å"1914† is Wilfred Owen’s first poem about the First World War. It has two stanzas with 8 and 6 lines, respectively. These 8 lines and 6 divide the otherwise frequent iam bic meter. The rhymes too are traditional: no restrained pararhymes are present. On the other hand, the most significant thing is how virtually its intent adheres to received perception of the war at that moment, as exemplified by the Rupert Brooke’s poem â€Å"The Soldier.† The comparison between the diction on the lines 1-8 and lines 9-14 is very spotlighted. The octet contains â€Å"whirled†, â€Å"rend†, and â€Å"down-hurled†, words which depict the devastating force. On the other hand, words, such as like â€Å"famine† and â€Å"rots† are indicative of destruction’s impacts. Thus, â€Å"wails† depicts human reaction, all the consequences of that terrifying strained word â€Å"tornado†. All these words are also indicative of a more apt year later during Owen’s experiences in the trenches. How distinct when we

Effects of Art Censorship on Society

Effects of Art Censorship on Society The manner in which art provides an opening of the paths of human views and development through art libraries, and the limiting effects of censorship Contents (Jump to) Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 – Rationale Chapter 3 – Methodology Chapter 4 – Literature Review Chapter 5 – Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 1 Introduction In understanding the realm of artists, the implications of art, artists, and the dilemmas faced by art libraries, and museums in selecting and acquiring pieces for their collections, one needs to have an appreciation of the realm in which art exists. Leo Tolstoy stated that â€Å"to define art, it is necessary .. to cease to consider it as one of the conditions of human life† (California State University Long Beach, 2005). Egan (1979, p. 166) advises that Tolstoy’s views on art were based on â€Å"the contention that good art consists of an individual consciously passing his feelings on to others, or provoking in them a spiritual union with the artist and other readers†. There are critics of this view in that they believe it dangerous as it â€Å"opens the flood gates to art for ethics and politics thereby reducing art to a disguised socialism† (Egan, 1979, p. 166). Regardless of one’s views and or the critics one sides with, art represents a phenom enon that affects us all. This dissertation proposal shall take a look into the intriguing world of art, in terms of its quality, censorship, and thus selection by art libraries as a function of the quest to uncover, and provide students as well as the general public with materials that provoke a depth, and range of thinking. The removal, and or withholding of data and information from the public as a result of some type of control body or group represents censorship (Encyclopedia Britannica online, 2007). Harer and Harris (1994, p. 2) advise that censorship represents a phenomena that is â€Å"conflict between powerful opposing forces in society that can threaten its very foundation and ideals†. Their definition goes on to add â€Å"society disagrees as to what defines the limitations of creativity and expression and who should decide what has passed beyond the limits† (Harer and Harris, 1994, p. 2). The foundation for this examination lies in their advising â€Å"It is this power struggle tha t has the potential for reordering our democratic and constitutional principles, especially if a monopoly of power is secured by one of these forces or the struggle is won in the political arena by those who wish to restrict† (Harer and Harris, 1994, p. 2). The dissertation proposal being recommended is based upon this underlying principle, and the broader considerations and facets as represented by the selection and exhibition of art in libraries, and related institutions as a result of their artistic quality and other aspects, as an exercise to delve beneath the surface and extract deeper meanings and understandings. Art, within the context of its selection and presentation represents contemporary as well as past works of art. The process â€Å"enables us to think about the ideas of a range of writers and theorists, and in turn how their work has interacted with the visual† (Arnold, 2004, p. 76). Art has an importance within cultures in that it exposes us to the views, ideas, thoughts and visualization of a broad range of thinking, ideas and concepts that are different and in many instances foreign to our own. It opens us up to the possibilities and potentials to question our own views, ideas and concepts as well as strengthen them through exposure. Art, as is also the case with the human race, entails evolution and growth. What was once looked upon as lacking artistic qualities by whatever standards that were invoked, depending upon the period of history own looks at, change, as societies, and people evolve, and thus so do the broadening of their views and ideas. Art has evolved from its earliest forms â€Å"as a vehicle for religious ritual† as represented by the paintings on caves located in France to the Sistine Chapel, â€Å"art has served religion† (Cornell University, 2005). It has also served â€Å"as a commemoration of an important event, such as represented by the â€Å"coronation of Josephine by Napoleon (Cornell University, 2005). Additionally, art has also â€Å"served as propaganda or social commentary† to attempt to â€Å"persuade us toward particular viewpoints or actions promoted by public or private institutions† as represented by â€Å"political parties, lobbyists, governments, or religious groups† (Cornell University, 2005). Art may be used to record visual data, create works of beauty, as a means to storytelling, to convey emotion and to interpret (Cornell University, 2005). The uses and purposes of art are to reach us in some manner on some level, and communicate. As this represents be ing, and or having exposure to views, ideas, concepts, images and points of view that differ from ours, thus censorship for mature adults, and in an educational setting seemingly represents a closing of possible avenues of exploration, and thoughts on the path to awareness. Chapter 2 – Rational The last sentence thus represents the rationale for this dissertation proposal. ‘The manner in which art provides an opening of the paths of human views and development through art libraries, and the limiting effects of censorship’. It is impossible for a title to encompass all of the linked salient facets that comprise the preceding, however, it is felt that such a direction does provide for the study to examine the problems and considerations that mangers have in the selection of materials for art libraries as well as the implications arising from same in terms of the potential dilemmas resulting from facets such as artistic quality, view, and of course censorship. The preceding represents a look at as well as under the surface of the world of art to glean a picture of how art is screened and presented to us, and how these judgmental factors work. The broad view encompassing art libraries, galleries, museums and specialized art libraries is felt that it will show the d ifferent manner in which this is approached on many levels. The foregoing means, mainstream, fringe, popular, conservative, historical, classical and other forms. Through a broad based look, the examination should uncover the nuances of the art world, and the degree to which censorship, either overt, or in the eyes and minds of the beholders exists. Chapter 3 – Methodology The examination of the field of art from the perspective of the indicated rational will entail the utilization of a broad range of sources and methodologies. Secondary research provides the opportunity to review a large range of information as gathered by differing sources to equate elements, and views that might not have occurred to the researcher in their initial analysis, and or approach (Patzer, 1995, p. 2). While secondary research does permit one to potentially explore a broader range of data, information, views and examples, its limitations are that not everything that exists can be looked at, in addition to some facets of the research being dated, and even outmoded by new developments and approaches that have yet to be converted to literature sources. Secondary research does enable an individual to obtain a grasp of the issues, circumstances, and issues, along with inculcating one as to the broad as well as nuance factors (Myers, 2005). Primary research is beneficial in gaining first hand information on trends, developments, new occurrences, and related facets that have not yet made their way into publishing circles or common use. It also permits the gleaning of information directly from sources, provided the methodology, survey, questionnaire, and or interview session has been well prepared and is balanced in its approach. However, the problem with primary research is represented by the limitation in terms of the field of respondents. If a broad based survey, and or questionnaire methodology is utilized, sufficient time needs to be devoted to the gathering of source lists, survey, and or questionnaire preparation, mailing, response, and correlation. In terms of preparation, it is probably best to enlist the aid and assistance of a few members within the field to help with the preparation of questions, and or areas as well as the proper syntax, and order of presentation in order to impact confidence in the responden ts that the survey is indeed valid in terms of its base and concepts. In the case of this type of examination, it is recommended that both approaches be utilized in order to gain an accuracte understaning of the surface aspects that can be readliy, and or easily seen or gathered as a result of secondary sources. Primary sources thus represent a look below the surface, asking for facets that might not have been covered in the secondary data as well as potential new areas as made available as a result of said secondary research. Chapter 4 – Literature Review Kidd (2003) provides a summary of Robert Mapplethorpe in referring to him, along with Andres Serrano as the pair of artists â€Å"†¦who catapulted the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) into the crisis that is widely referred to as the culture wars of the arts. As a result, Mapplethorpe is now generally associated with a particular kind of obscene art†. Kidd (2003) sees this label as being unfair as the circumstances surrounding the National Endowment for the Arts were a result of other organizations that made the decision to show the artist’s work (Kidd, 2003). Secondly, Kidd (2003) explains that â€Å"Mapplethorpe’s relationship with obscenity was a development of the culture wars and not a fundamental dynamic of his work†, and that the artist’s history indicates â€Å"an uneasiness about including his sexually explicit, homoerotic, and sadomasochistic photographs amongst artistic collections of his work†. The foregoing outcome was precipitated by letters, and a campaign initiated by the American Family Association (AFA) that focused on the United States Congress concerning Serrano’s photograph titled â€Å"Piss Christ† which depicted a plastic crucifix submerged in the artist’s urine, thus setting off a debate over his work and suitability for a grant by the National Endowment for the Arts (Inde, 1998, p. 100). The escalation of the debate included Mapplethorpe’s exhibit on the same venue, which was canceled as well, in a decision rendered by the Corcoran Gallery Board of Trustees who felt that exhibiting his works might jeopardize future NEA funding (Inde, 1998, p. 100). In Mapplethorpe’s defense, regardless of one’s personal views and opinions concerning his art, a follow up exhibit after the Corcoran Gallery cancellation that was held by the Washington Project of the Arts saw some fifty thousand individuals view his work with only twelve co mplaints being registered (Inde, 1998, p. 101). And prior to the Corcoran Gallery exhibit, Mapplethorpe’s works were shown in both Philadelphia as well as Chicago in the United States â€Å"without major incident or comment†. The underlying current with respect to art, as we are reminded by Nichols Fox, is that (Inde, 21998, p. 102): â€Å"Art can be strong stuff. In any totalitarian regime it is one of the first things suppressed. In our condition of moral superiority as a democratic society we have prodded the Soviet Union for years to loosen its hold on its writers and painters. Now it is doing so at precisely the same moment that our own tolerance for dissent appears to be weakening.† Art, in varying forms and degrees is all around us all the time. It is present in the shape of the vehicle we drive, the coffee maker in the morning, the graphics in video games, and in every object that we use. These common and everyday versions of art encompass our world. Art, in the sense of the context of this examination, is subjective. It is open to the interpretation of its audience and critics (Esaak, 2006). Art, is what we think it is, or, what a number of people think it is (Witcombe, 2005). There is no one singular definition that satisfies all the contexts, and in order to get a grasp on it, it is generally thought that it is better to see it in terms of â€Å"the way something is done† (Witcombe, 2005). In the context of this examination, the definition of art has its roots â€Å"in the 15th and 16th centuries in Italy† whereby art comes to represent â€Å"a collective term encompassing painting, sculpture and architecture†, which was later expanded so as to include music as well as poetry (Witcombe, 2005). It is from this basis that the decorative arts as well as crafts such as metalworking, furniture making and other utility forms are excluded, and an artist differentiated from a craftsman (Witcombe, 2005). And while a small cadre of one’s friends, and or associates may revere an individual as an artist, the process in terms of the art world, meaning the recognized channels of sales that include galleries, private collections, curators, museums, libraries and other modes whereby values are established, means being or becoming recognized (Crawford, 2005). Exhibitions such as Mapplethorpe has participated in, put his art in front of a broad cadre of the public as well as art professionals thus establishing him in this circle, titled the art world. And as the acceptance, and or reputation spreads, so does the clamor for the artist’s pieces. And such represents the process via which galleries, museums and art libraries enter the process. University art libraries are an integral part of the art recognition process, bringing new artists into the pre-professional and professional mainstream through providing visibility, and a form of recognition (Johnson, 2006). The process of ar t selection at universities, galleries and museums takes into account the broad context of the history of the institution, its historical foundations, reputation as being progressive, or conservative, the links to supporters, and its rationale for operating (Johnson, 2006). The theme and direction of university art library collections is a product of the focus, and image the universities seek to project as well as the types of artists, and works that they look to attract (Johnson, 2006). This process entails the overall library’s purpose, which is represented by the university, its faculty, collection history, and fit into the broader scheme of academia. The aspect regarding artistic recognition represents an extremely important area for an artist. The example as drawn by van Gogh, and other artists whereby the withholding from the world, the merits of their views would lessen us all (ProgressiveLiving.org., 2007). Critics in the world of art are there to evaluate works, and to â€Å"separate the wheat from the chaff† (ProgressiveLiving.org., 2007). Their position is to wade through the offering of artists, and render opinions on their work as qualified professionals to supposedly shield us from works, and or artists whose level of development is not yet refined, or noteworthy. This represents a highly subjective process that the managers of art libraries, museums, and other artistic areas review and consider in their decisions to acquire, and or showcase works of art. The process is far from perfect, yet at the same time it is far from being flawed. It, as an open system that allows for the inputs, views and opinions of a div erse range of individuals to comment upon and showcase what they believe is art. Critics do not always represent the best source or views on what might constitute art, and thus the broad array of art libraries, galleries, museums and literature provides the opportunity for open debate or selection. Such was clearly demonstrated by the Mapplethorpe situation whereby the authorities had to reverse their field. The depth of the preceding represents an area for further examination and research. Johnson (2006) advises that university libraries promote themselves as well in the broader sphere of other universities, galleries, and museums of all sizes and renown. The universe is a competitive one in which past selections, progressiveness, qualities and track record of selections, connections, exhibition power, personnel, space, facilities, web site, and a host of other facets enter into the overall considerations. And while artists need these outlets, university art libraries need new, present, upcoming, and established artists to enhance their standings and reputations (Johnson, 2006). Just as artists must promote themselves, universities must also follow this course through providing, and showcasing the unknown, unexpected and as a location whereby the newest, best, and unusual can be found. An example of the preceding is represented by Birmingham University’s Chrysalis Project, whereby it is digitizing all of the works ever held by the university as well as all of th e 26 programmes that are â€Å"published annually by the† university’s â€Å"Society of Arts School of Design between 1978 and 1902†. The goal is to broaden the appeal of the University’s art library on the Internet as part of its self-promotion program. Within this scope are the managers who must select as well as go after the new, unique established, up and coming, unknown, known, and hot artists. An example of the foregoing is provided by the art system in Russia. There is and has been a large cadre of art libraries in Russia that have been, and are in the rise (Kolganova, 1999). More than repositories of books and printed materials, these libraries hold engravings, photographs and art works. The IFLA (2005) newsletter advised that â€Å"Russian art libraries† are engaged in a diverse series of â€Å"programmes, projects, exhibitions, conferences and workshops† aimed at sharing as well as securing artistic works. The preceding represents a system of coordination in Russia that seeks to display art works in addition to literary materials. The university art acquisition system is far from being national in scope, it is international, and needs to be in order to be relevant (IFLA, 2005). Olga Sinitsyna, the Chair of the Art Libraries Section of the IFLA, brought such a development to light when she announced that one of her goals was to get the Russian art libraries more involved in IFLA activities and participation (IFLA, 2005). The IFLA (2005) is comprised of over 1700 associations, institutions, and individuals on a global basis that includes most UK universities as well as Birmingham University. The preceding scope of the manner in which university art libraries must reach, and operate provides a look into the highly sophisticated nature of the systems involved. And while no such formal organized inter cooperation methodology exists in the United Kingdom, as per the Russian example, the informal, yet organized system of competing interests in the acquisition and display of art, nevertheless is a reality. University art library compete with themselves, and private art libraries as well as galleries and museums, with the prize being their reputations, and selection processes. This creates unique, and difficult problems and challenges for art managers. They must be progressive, provocative, on the leading edge, contemporary, modern, classical, and innovative in not only varying their pieces, they must have the network and contacts to be fed pieces in a highly competitive arena, yet make selections that have there base in ethics as well as contemporary moral, and other values. Thus, managerial problems involved in selecting works represents a key aspect of the research in that it requires the utilization of questions to obtain views, methods, pr ocedures and techniques. The insights concerning the following areas, were not located as a result of secondary sources, thus calling for the use of primary research to uncover the techniques, approaches, methods, considerations and other aspects utilized by managers in carrying out their functions. From a review of literature such as Johnson (2006), Kolganova (1999) and the IFLA (2005), it was postulated that managers have the following problems, and considerations in the selection of works and artists: Overall Art Library Developmental Considerations As advised by Johnson (2006), and Kolganova (1999), as well as shown in excerpts of the IFLA (2005) newsletter, art libraries do not exist in a vacuum. They must interface with the outside world in terms of competing for new art talent, as well as other types of selections across a broad spectrum of art types. Art Types In planning for the future, the manager needs to be aware of the various types of art that other libraries have, and are presenting also focusing upon what direction they might take in the future to avoid being caught in a battle for talent and selections in a finite universe. Recent Trends The manager also encounters the problem of being on top of the recent trends, not only in terms of what other art libraries and museums are doing, but also in terms of artist development, contemporary trends, new explorations, and what the public itself is finding intriguing. The key to success is being ahead of the field in terms of recognizing, and equating what new developments are on the verge of exploding into new trends. This potentially represents the most important singular facet of their work in being progressive, forward looking, and daring. Birmingham University has developed such a reputation over a long period of time thus helping to ease the managers task of finding new talent as a goodly part of the art world in this regard comes to the university as a result of its positioning, and progressiveness. Understanding as well as responding to such developments represents an extremely important facet in being in front of new trends as a leader, as opposed to following. Such takes on a national as well as international flavor in having the resources, contacts, and pulse beat on a global scale. University and Public Perceptions In the quest to be progressive and leading edge, the manager also must be cognizant of the potential effect that a particular type of display, acquisition and or exhibition could have upon the university, alumni, and public opinion. Birmingham University’s selection of Mapplethorpe is such an example. Controversial prior to his works appearing at the university in 1998, the institution was involved in a major controversy as a result. A book on Robert Mapplethorpe, and American photographer, a homosexual who died of aids in 1988, was taken out on loan from the university library by a Spanish woman for utilization as a piece of research on a thesis representing â€Å"art versus Pornography† (Weaver, 1998). The controversy developed over two photographs in the book, titled â€Å"Helmut and Brooks, NYC, 1978, and Hank and Tom, Sausalito, 1977†, who were engaged in what were described by the police as â€Å"unusual sexual acts of an extreme nature† (Weaver, 1998). In a decision that took over eleven months to reach, the university was cleared of violations of the Obscene Publications Act, based upon the view that â€Å"the effect of the book would not be to tend to deprave, and corrupt a significant number of those who are likely to read it† (Weaver, 1998). The preceding example illustrates the need to be progressive as well as forward thinking in creating an environment of academic as well as artistic freedom that is justified against the broader, and wider precepts of the outside world. Budgetary Constraints Managers are also faced with the prospects of working within budgets that may be less than adequate in terms of competing with other universities, art libraries, museums, and specialty libraries. Ethics and Morality The Mapplethorpe example represents one whereby the ethics, and morality of the university can be brought into question as a result of artistic selections. Walking that fine line represents a daunting task, and problem to be addressed by managers in that being too conservative could leave them on the outside looking in at more progressive moves, and thinking as represented by other institutions. The foregoing represent a few of the key areas regarding the problems faced by art managers in the running and administration of their function(s). Such therefore calls for additional research of a primary nature to discuss, and uncover the areas and aspects of problems, and concerns faced by managers in the administration of their duties. Said information was not seemingly located in a search of secondary research sources. Art does have a purpose. As a result â€Å"judgments about art need not be subjective, artists really are up to something, although its a complicated sort of something)† (ProgressiveLiving.org., 2007). The over riding fact regarding art that Mapplethorpe as well as other artists provide and open us up to is that â€Å"there is no disputing tastes† (ProgressiveLiving.org., 2007). Art is by nature subjective, and along with that â€Å"moral judgments are all subjective, and that the truth is purely subjective† (ProgressiveLiving.org., 2007). The preceding is the lesson provided by the Mapplethorpe example, and others concerning ethics, morals, and censorship. Understanding the realms of thinking that exist in the world represents a means to be less susceptible to them as a result of overall balance. Art exposes us to provoke as well as delight. Chapter 5 – Conclusion The world of art is a highly subjective field, in which the purpose, benefit, usefulness and or beauty is a representation of the beholder. Leo Tolstoy (California State University Long Beach, 2005) advises us that â€Å"to define art, it is necessary .. to cease to consider it as one of the conditions of human life†. Egan (1979, p. 166) states Tolstoy’s views were based upon â€Å"the contention that good art consists of an individual consciously passing his feelings on to others or provoking in them a spiritual union with the artist and other readers†. Mapplethorpe’s case in terms of Birmingham University brings forth the specter of censorship that Harer and Harris (1994, p. 2) advise that censorship represents a phenomena that is â€Å"conflict between powerful opposing forces in society that can threaten its very foundation and ideals†. It harkens to what Nichols Fox states in that â€Å"Art can be strong stuff. In any totalitarian regime it is one of the first things suppressed† (Inde, 21998, p. 102). Art is what we think it is, and or what the artist is attempting to get us to think it is. It is subjective, and thus differing views hold differing passions. The point is, art is art! It is a collective term encompassing painting, sculpture and architecture†, which was later expanded so as to include music as well as poetry (Witcombe, 2005). Defying any singular attempt to completely encompass it, yet being a realm that can be understood. The dissertation proposal to develop into ‘The manner in which art provides an opening of the paths of human views and development through art libraries, and the limiting effects of censorship’, represents a means to equate facets of the world of art on many levels, yet tied to the realm itself. Bibliography Arnold, D. (2004) Art History: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford. Greenwood Press, Westport, CT., United States California State University Long Beach (2005) . What is Art?: by Leo Tolstoy. Retrieved on 19 May 2007 from http://www.csulb.edu/~jvancamp/361r14.html Cornell University (2005) The Evolution of Visual Art in the Modern Era. Retrieved on 20 May 2007 from http://char.txa.cornell.edu/art/introart.htm Crawford, A. (2005) Artists, know these people. 15 March 2005. Retrieved on 19 May 2005 from http://www.theage.com.au/news/Arts/Know-these-people/2005/03/14/1110649116983.html Egan, D. (1979) Leo Tolstoy, An annotated Bibliography of English Language Sources to 1978. Scarecrow Press, Metuchen, New Jersey, United States Encyclopedia Britannica online (2007) censorship. Retrieved on 20 May 2007 from http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108315/censorship Esaak, S. (2006) What is Art? Retrieved on 19 May 2007 from http://arthistory.about.com/cs/reference/f/what_is_art.htm Harer, J., Harris, S. (1994) Censorship of Expression in the 1980s: A Statistical Survey. Oxford University Press. London, United Kingdom IFLA (2005) IFLA Art Libraries Section Newsletter. Vol. 57. Retrieved on 20 May 2007 from http://www.ifla.org/VII/s30/news/art-newsletter57.pdf Inde, V. (1998) Art in the Courtroom. Praeger Publishers, Westport, CT. United States Johnson, K. (2006) The Art Library as Exhibition Space. Retrieved on 19 May 2007 from http://etd.ils.unc.edu/dspace/bitstream/1901/357/1/kirstonjohnson.pdf Kidd, D. (2003) Mapplethorpe and the New Obscenity. Vol. 30. Afterimage Kolganova, A. (1999) Museum Libraries as Part of the System of Libraries in Russia. Retrieved on 19 May 2007 from http://www.ifla.org/VII/d2/inspel/99-4koad.pdf Myers, E. (2005) Benefits and Limitations of Using Secondary Research Sources. Retrieved on 21 May 2007 from http://www.swlearning.com/marketing/gitm/gitm16-5.html ProgressiveLiving.org. (2007) Reflections Concerning the Purpose of Art and the Possibility of Objective Aesthetic Standards. Retrieved on 20 May 2007 from http://www.progressiveliving.org/Art_Theories_files/purpose_of_art.htm Weaver, M. (1998) University in clear over Mapplethorpe photographs. 1 October 1998. Retrieved on 20 May 2007 from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1998/10/01/nmap01.html Witcombe, C. (2005) What Is Art? †¦ What is an Artist? Retrieved on 19 May 2007 from http://www.arthistory.sbc.edu/artartists/artartists.html